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BATNA & ZOPA
BATNA & ZOPA
BATNA & ZOPA
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Overview

Use this model to frame and inform your negotiation strategy. 

Best Alternative to a Negotia ...

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Equidem etiam Epicurum, in physicis quidem, Democriteum puto. Quos quidem tibi studiose et diligenter tractandos magnopere censeo. Ex rebus enim timiditas, non ex vocabulis nascitur. Ne amores quidem sanctos a sapiente alienos esse arbitrantur. Quid est igitur, cur ita semper deum appellet Epicurus beatum et aeternum? Non autem hoc: igitur ne illud quidem. Quaesita enim virtus est, non quae relinqueret naturam, sed quae tueretur. Itaque primos congressus copulationesque et consuetudinum instituendarum voluntates fieri propter voluptatem;

Quid ergo attinet dicere: Nihil haberem, quod reprehenderem, si finitas cupiditates haberent? Quos nisi redarguimus, omnis virtus, omne decus, omnis vera laus deserenda est. Non est ista, inquam, Piso, magna dissensio. Qui enim existimabit posse se miserum esse beatus non erit.

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Actionable Takeaways
  • Know your exact BATNA.

Create a list of actions you can take if no agreement is reached and choose the m ...

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Qua ex cognitione facilior facta est investigatio rerum occultissimarum. Haec para/doca illi, nos admirabilia dicamus. Nec lapathi suavitatem acupenseri Galloni Laelius anteponebat, sed suavitatem ipsam neglegebat; Sed ea mala virtuti magnitudine obruebantur. Apud ceteros autem philosophos, qui quaesivit aliquid, tacet; Summum ením bonum exposuit vacuitatem doloris; Huius ego nunc auctoritatem sequens idem faciam. Sed finge non solum callidum eum, qui aliquid improbe faciat, verum etiam praepotentem, ut M.

In his igitur partibus duabus nihil erat, quod Zeno commutare gestiret. An haec ab eo non dicuntur? Duo Reges: constructio interrete. Quid loquor de nobis, qui ad laudem et ad decus nati, suscepti, instituti sumus? Ex ea difficultate illae fallaciloquae, ut ait Accius, malitiae natae sunt. Cur igitur easdem res, inquam, Peripateticis dicentibus verbum nullum est, quod non intellegatur? In his igitur partibus duabus nihil erat, quod Zeno commutare gestiret. An est aliquid, quod te sua sponte delectet? -, sed ut hoc iudicaremus, non esse in iis partem maximam positam beate aut secus vivendi.

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BATNA & ZOPA is featured in these playbooks:
Limitations

Your BATNA's strength can easily be affected by unexpected changes in conditions. At the same time, determining BATNAs for you and your counterparty is difficult due to subjectivity, as we have a tendency to overestimate the strength of our BATNA and to underestimate the strength of the other side's BATNA. 

Other factors influencing BATNA, like relationship value and the likelihood of the other party maintaining their side of the bargain are also difficult to value and measure in a quantifiable manner.

Finally, using BATNA as a mental model to assist in negotiations should not be counterposed to developing rapport, active listening and other methods to connect and find potential win-win options. 

In Practice

The Brexit BATNA. 

In August 2018 British Prime Minister Theresa May revealed a plan of contingency for exiting the European Union (E.U.) if the so-called Brexit negotiations ended in an impasse, revealing the Government’s BATNA to quell the public’s fears.

Salary negotiation.

In a salary negotiation, the employee might have a basic BATNA of their current salary, assuming that the negotiation will not end with them losing their job. They might increase this by applying for an alternative position with a higher salary, which will become their new BATNA. In such a case, it is not a like for like comparison so the BATNA might become difficult to assess. For the company, they must consider the cost of losing the staff member if they do not meet their expectations. Again this cost is hard to measure.

Build your latticework
This model will help you to:

BATNA is a fundamental mental model in negotiation theory. 

Use the following examples of connected and complementary models to weave BATNA into your broader latticework of mental models. Alternatively, discover your own connections by exploring the category list above. 

Connected models: 

  • WATNA: the worst alternative to a negotiated agreement is the other side of this equation. 
  • Opportunity cost: BATNA is essentially the same as opportunity cost, applied to the specific purpose of negotiations. 

Complementary models: 

  • Porter's five forces: particularly as it relates to the bargaining power of suppliers. 
  • Non-violent communication: challenges this model in attempting to find a win-win alternative. 
  • Cialidini’s six principles of persuasion: a powerful option used in conjunction with any negotiation process. 
  • Mutually assured destruction: where the BATNAs result in disaster for both parties, negotiation becomes an imperative. 
  • Cost-benefit analysis: in considering BATNA.
  • Sunk cost fallacy: to support walking away from a protracted, even expensive negotiation. 
Origins & Resources

BATNA was created by negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Program on Negotiation and presented in their fundamental 1981 book Getting to Yes: Negotiating Without Giving In.

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